inflation

Gold, Mansa Musa, And Inflation

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GOLD AND MANSA MUSA  

From Wikipedia…

 Musa Keita I (c. 1280 – c. 1337) was the tenth Mansa, which translates as  “sultan” (king) or “emperor”, of the wealthy West African Mali Empire. 

During his reign Mali may have been the largest producer of gold in the world at a point of exceptional demand. One of the richest people in history, he is known to have been enormously wealthy; reported as being inconceivably rich by contemporaries, “There’s really no way to put an accurate number on his wealth” (Davidson 2015). 

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Inflation – What It Is, What It Isn’t, And Who’s Responsible For It

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INFLATION – WHAT IT IS

Inflation is the debasement of money by the government. Period.

It is not an increase in the general level of prices for goods and services.

The above statements are critical to an understanding and correct interpretation of events which are happening today – or expected to happen  – that are casually attributable to inflation.  So, let’s go one step further.

There is only one cause of inflation: government.  The term government also includes central banks, especially the US Federal Reserve Bank.

Inflation is not caused by “greedy” businesses, excessive wage demands, or accelerated consumer spending.  Even government’s own propensity to spend, as reckless as it is, does not cause inflation.  And that does not contradict my earlier statement that government is the only cause of inflation.  They are.  But not because of their spending habits.

Economic growth does not lead to higher inflation.  There are statements made often that imply a link between growth in our economy and inflation.  And that we have to “manage the growth” so the economy doesn’t “grow too quickly” and “trigger higher inflation”.  These statements are false and misleading.

Also, inflation will not “accelerate over the next couple of years due to higher energy prices and stronger wage growth that leads firms to raise prices”…Gus Faucher/PNC Bank/WSJ  (It is possible that inflation will accelerate over the next couple of years, but it can’t/won’t be for the reasons stated.)

So how does the government cause inflation?  It’s time for a bit of history…

Early ruling monarchs would ‘clip’ small pieces of the coins they accumulated through taxes and other levies against their subjects.

The clipped pieces were melted down and fabricated into new coins. All of the coins were then returned to circulation. And all were assumed to be equal in value. As the process evolved, and more and more clipped coins showed up in circulation, people became more outwardly suspicious and concerned. Thus, the ruling powers began altering/reducing the precious metal content of the coins. This lowered the cost to fabricate and issue new coins. No need to clip the coins anymore.

From the above example it is not hard to see how anything (grains and other commodities for example) used as money could be altered in some way to satisfy the whims of government. But a process such as this was cumbersome and inconvenient. Of course it was. What a shame. There had to be a better way. And there was.

Enter: Paper Money

With the advent of the printing press (moveable type) and continued improvements to the mechanics of replicating words and numbers in an easily recognizable fashion, paper money was now in vogue – big time.

However, people viewed the new ‘money’ with healthy skepticism and coins with precious (or semi-precious) metal content continued to circulate alongside the new paper money. Hence, it was necessary, at least initially, for government to maintain a link of some kind between money of known value vs. money of no value (in order to encourage its use).

Over time, eventually, that link was severed; partially at first, then completely. And it was done by fiat (a decree or order of government).

Not only does our money today have no intrinsic value, it is inflated (and therefore debased) continuously and ongoing through subtle and more sophisticated ways such as fractional-reserve banking and expansion of credit. The printing press is still at the core and is humming 24/7 but the digital age has ushered in new and ingenious ways to fool the people.

Government causes inflation by expanding the supply of money and credit.  And that expansion of the money supply cheapens the value of all the money.  Which is precisely why, over time, the US dollar continues to lose value.  It takes more dollars today to purchase what could have been purchased ten years ago, twenty years ago, etc.  And it has been going on for over one hundred years.  It dates back to the origin of The Federal Reserve Bank in 1913.

What most people refer to as ‘inflation’ or its causes are neither. They are the effects of inflation.   The increase in the general level of prices for goods and services is the result of the inflation that was already created.

More history…  The Arab Oil Embargo in 1973 and the demands for more money for oil which led to the formation of the Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) followed close behind then President Nixon’s severance of all ties of the US dollar to Gold.  The underlying fact of the matter was that the dollars which they were receiving for their oil were worth less (not quite ‘worthless’) and had been losing value for several decades.  And the price had been fixed for decades.

To understand this better, imagine that you were a company selling widgets for $1 each and according to your contract you cannot receive any more than that. Fast forward twenty or thirty years.  You are still selling lots of widgets and  still receiving $1 for each one you sell.  But your costs over the years have continued to climb.  And it also costs you more for everything you buy to maintain your standard of living.  And it’s not just you.  Everyone is paying more for everything.  Yet, on an ongoing, year-to-year basis, things seem reasonably normal.  But prices now are rising more frequently and the rate of increase is higher than before. What is going on?

The effects of inflation are showing up.  Those effects can be very subtle at first, or not noticed at all.  But at some point in time the cumulative effects of inflation become more obvious and everyone starts acting differently.  Businesses try to plan for it and individuals invest with inflation in mind.

If your dollars were freely convertible into equivalent amounts of gold based on the prices in effect at the time of your original contract to produce widgets – or sell barrels of oil – then you could just exchange your dollars for gold.  Which is exactly what happened.  Foreign governments in the late sixties began to demand the gold to which they were legally entitled.  And countries which produced and sold oil wanted a higher price for their oil.  Wouldn’t you?

As people become more aware of the effects of inflation they start looking for reasons.  And for guilty parties.  Government is quick to act of course.  They start by implementing wage and price controls.  This is like setting the stove burner on ‘high’ and putting a lid on the pot with no release for the pressure.  And they talk a lot.

They have talked enough over the past thirty years to frighten us into thinking that our own spending and saving habits are the problem.  Sometimes the blame is directed at foreign countries and their currencies (China/Yuan for example).

Our sense of ‘unfairness’ over China’s attempts to weaken the Yuan seem to be misplaced.  We criticize them for doing the same things the US government and Federal Reserve have been doing for over one hundred years.

The inflation (expansion of the supply of money and credit) produced by the Federal Reserve is deliberate and intentional. And ongoing.  The effects of that inflation are volatile and unpredictable.

Even with the hugely, inflationary response of the Federal Reserve in 2008 and afterwards we did not see the “obvious substantial increase in the general level of prices for goods and services” that some expected and predicted.  But we did see a resurgence of higher prices for financial assets like stocks and real estate.

During the seventies, prices for basic necessities were rising on a weekly, even daily, basis.  But things eventually settled down and we had an extended period of stability and relative US dollar strength for a couple of decades.

And yet, the effects of inflation are very clear.  How much are you paying  for things today compared to fifteen years ago?  Ten years ago?

As time marches on, the effects of government inflation will become more extreme and more unpredictable.  And the loss of purchasing power of the US dollar will reflect that.

 

Kelsey Williams is the author of two books: INFLATION, WHAT IT IS, WHAT IT ISN’T, AND WHO’S RESPONSIBLE FOR IT and ALL HAIL THE FED!

Gold And Interest Rates – A Mass Of Confusion

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Over the past several months there have been numerous articles referencing a relationship between gold and interest rates. Most of them are well-meaning attempts to convey information about recent changes in the markets as interest rates head higher.

In several instances, however, the author(s) have tried to explain a ‘perceived’ correlation between rising interest rates and the value of the US dollar – in a very positive manner. And they have imputed a similar correlation – albeit negative – in other statements with respect to Gold.  In both cases they are incorrect.  

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Gold Price $700 Or $7000? (revised and updated 1/13/2019)

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GOLD PRICE $700 OR $7000?

Does either of the above preclude the other?  In other words, if we expect gold to reach $7000.00 per ounce, and we are correct, does that mean that we can’t reasonably expect gold to go as low as $700.00 per ounce? Conversely, if we are predicting or expecting gold to continue its current decline, and even breach $1000.00 per ounce on the downside, can $7000.00 per ounce, or anything even remotely close to that number, be a reasonable possibility? 

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A Loaf Of Bread, A Gallon Of Gas, An Ounce Of Gold

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The average cost for a loaf of bread in 1930 was ten cents ($.10). The average cost for a gallon of gasoline was also ten cents.

With gold priced in U.S. dollars at $20.00 to the ounce, you could at that time purchase two hundred loaves of bread or two hundred gallons of gasoline (or some combination thereof).

Twenty dollars of paper currency OR one ounce of gold valued at $20.00, usually in the form of a U.S. Double Eagle ($20.00 gold coin, legal tender), were equal in “purchasing power”.

Over the next four decades the cost for a loaf of bread/gallon of gasoline  continued to increase such that in 1970 the respective costs were twenty-five cents/thirty-six cents.  An ounce of gold (at $40.00) would purchase  one hundred sixty loaves of bread/one hundred eleven gallons of gasoline.   That is considerably less than the two hundred units of either item which could have been purchased in 1930.  But the numbers are even worse when we look at what twenty dollars of U.S. paper currency would buy in 1970: eighty loaves of bread/fifty-five gallons of gasoline.  Both gold and the U.S. dollar lost purchasing power over the forty-year period 1930-70 but  the U.S. dollar was the “biggest loser”.

Time for a bit of history to help us understand what had happened historically over the course of that forty-year period.  In 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt issued an executive order prohibiting private ownership of gold by U.S. citizens and revaluing gold at $35.00 to the ounce.  Also, U.S. paper currency would no longer be convertible into gold for U.S. citizens.  Foreign holders (primarily foreign governments) could continue to redeem their holdings of U.S. dollars for gold at the “new, official” rate of $35.00 to the ounce.  But what does that really mean?

If you are a foreign holder of U.S. dollars, you had just been told that your stash of “money” (in the form of U.S. currency) was now worth forty-one percent less than previously.  It was a tacit admission by the U.S. government that they had been “inflating” the money supply aggressively as evidenced by the cumulative effects of that inflation showing up in the cost of goods and services (i.e. average cost of loaf of bread/gallon of  gasoline).

The Depression (1930s) and World War II (1940s) “conveniently” received much of the blame. But things progressed reasonably well (economically speaking) throughout the fifties and sixties. By the late 1960’s and early 1970’s foreign governments were demanding returns of their gold on deposit here in the U.S.  Some of that gold was the result of new redemptions of the accumulation of U.S. dollars which they held and which were promised as redeemable in gold.

In 1968, the United States Government again revalued gold “officially” at $40.00 to the ounce and at the same time acknowledged a “free market” price for gold which could operate on its own, independently. However, the U.S. would not recognize the free market price in any official dealings/transactions.

By 1971 things were getting a bit dicey.  Foreign governments wanted their gold, but the U.S. did not want to release it.  Or, they didn’t have it.  Probably some combination of both.  So, in August 1971, President Nixon suspended any further convertibility of U.S. dollars into gold by non-U.S. citizens.  All hell broke loose. Literally.

Prices of goods and services in the United States began rising rapidly (historically speaking) and the U.S. dollar price of gold peaked in 1980 at $850.00 to the ounce.  The average price for gold in 1980 was $615.00 to the ounce.

By 1980 the average cost of a loaf of bread was $.50 (double what it was in 1970) and the average cost of a gallon of gasoline had settled out at $1.19 (several years after the Arab Oil Embargo of early 1970’s).  The above stated average U.S. dollar price of gold ($615.00 to the ounce) would purchase twelve hundred thirty loaves of bread or five hundred sixteen gallons of gasoline.  And the good old U.S. dollar?  Twenty dollars in U.S. paper currency would buy forty loaves of bread/seventeen gallons of gasoline.

Ten years later, in 1990, a loaf of bread had increased to $.70 and a gallon of gasoline to $1.34.  With gold at $338 USD/oz you could purchase four hundred eighty-two loaves of bread/two hundred fifty-two gallons of gasoline. Twenty U.S. dollars would buy twenty-eight loaves of bread/fifteen gallons of gasoline.

So where are we today?  The average cost of a loaf of bread and a gallon of gasoline are approximately the same – about $2.50. With gold at $1300.00 to the ounce you can purchase five hundred twenty loaves of bread or five hundred twenty gallons of gasoline which is nearly one hundred sixty percent MORE than the amount you could have purchased with one ounce of gold in 1930.

And twenty dollars in U.S. currency will purchase eight loaves of bread or eight gallons of gasoline which is ninety-six percent LESS than the amount you could have purchased with twenty dollars in U.S. currency in 1930.

What else do you need to know?  Get some gold.

 

Kelsey Williams is the author of two books: INFLATION, WHAT IT IS, WHAT IT ISN’T, AND WHO’S RESPONSIBLE FOR IT and ALL HAIL THE FED!